Why Joy on Sukkos
Sukkos is termed “zman simchaseinu”, and therefore this was the Yom Tov on which Simchas Beis HaSho’eivah took place with musical instruments and so on. The commandment of “vesamachta bechagecha” applies to every Yom Tov, so why was Sukkos singled out as the Yom Tov of joy par excellence?
The simplest answer is that during the Yamim Nora’im of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur we merit attaining teshuvah mi’yirah, and then on Sukkos, during which we acquire ahavas Hashem, we attain teshuva me’ahavah.
Complete and genuine joy stems from a holy source, and that is what we feel after the atonement obtained on Yom Kippur. That also appears to be the reason why a chasan obtains atonement for his sins of the day of his marriage, because in order to feel joy properly, one’s sins first have to be atoned for.
Similarly, Simchas Torah takes place at the end of Sukkos, and not on Shavuos, the day on which the Torah was given, because it is specifically after Hoshanah Rabbah, the day on which the process of atonement is completed, that a person can feel sufficient joy in preparation for Simchas Torah.
The Sefas Emes writes that the greater the degree of atonement that a person obtained on Yom Kippur, the greater will be the joy that he feels on Sukkos. If his Yom Kippur was “dry” and without emotion, his Sukkos will be likewise.
Having said that, the Brisker Rav would say that although he felt confident that he had fulfilled the mitzvos of sukkah and arba minim properly, he felt less confident that he had fulfilled the mitzvah of vesamachta bechagecha completely. Clearly then, fulfilling the mitzvah of simcha on Sukkos properly is no easy task.
The Rambam (Sukkah 8:14) stresses that only the greatest gedolei Yisroel participated in Simchas Beis HaSho’eivah. This is because only their joy is complete and genuine, stemming as it does from a completely spiritual source.
Any Jew whose neshamah is active feels great joy when performing mitzvos, and especially when praying, when the Shechinah is close. When one is learning Torah and delving into it, one senses the limitless greatness of the Creator, and one’s heart overflows with joy at the merit of serving Him. B’nei Torah, in particular, feel boundless joy, since the Torah is mesamchei lev, especially when one has the merit of being mechadesh a chiddush, or explaining a sevara. By contrast, the neshamos of amei ha’aretz are somewhat deficient, and therefore they did not participate in Simchas Beis HaSho’eivah.
Furthermore, by feeling and expressing joy on Sukkos more than any other Yom Tov, we demonstrate that our acceptance of the yoke of Torah on Yom Kippur did not take place through coercion and lack of choice. Some outsiders pity an observant Jew, assuming that he lives a somber life full of restrictions in every area of life. To counter such notions, we exhibit our joy, because not only do we merit eternal joy in the afterlife, but we are the only ones that feel genuine joy in this world, and we are the ones who pity those who continue to lead an animalistic and meaningless way of life, who are thereby missing out both in this world and the next.
Another reason why Sukkos is the Yom Tov of joy is to afford us an opportunity to have any unfavorable decrees issued against us on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur overturned before the delivery of the p’sakim (decrees of judgment) on Hoshanah Rabbah. When we serve Hashem with joy we enjoy a special closeness to Him, and are considered to be like His sons. Sons always have an open door to see their father. Moreover, the satan cannot make accusations against us, because a father will not agree to hear bad words said against his sons, apart from which such accusations are only made within the context of a trial conducted by a king against his subjects, and will not be heard in the context of a father-and-son relationship. Therefore, through the joy of mitzvos on Sukkos, we are able to overturn evil decrees, and silence and prevent the satan from making accusations against us.
In fact, whenever a person or family member is in distress (at any time of the year), he should endeavor to cleave to Hashem with joy, so that he will be considered to be like a son of Hashem, and merit having evil decrees overturned.
sukkos during WWII
Whilst speaking about the importance of feeling joy in all circumstances on Yom Tov, Rav Sternbuch recalled how Rav Elchonon Wasserman who was in London on the second day of the last Shavuos before the outbreak of World War II was in such a joyous state of mind that he started singing and dancing uninterruptedly for about one and a half hours like a young man. He sang the words “Av Harachamon, shma koleinu, helf shoin alle Yiden, zol schoin sein di geulo. Moshioch zol schoin kummen” (“Merciful Father, Listen to our prayers, Help all Jews, Let the redemption come already, Let Moshiach come already”). Rav Elchonon was presumably in an even greater state of joy on Simchas Torah.
During World War II Rav Sternbuch was learning in Rav Moshe Schneider’s yeshiva. Most of the boys’ parents and other family members had remained behind in Poland or Hungary, and were under constant threat of death. Rav Sternbuch recalls how these boys came to the Rosh Yeshiva on Sukkos and told him that it was impossible for them to feel joy on Yom Tov when they did not know whether their parents were alive, and even if they were, they were surely suffering greatly from hunger or other forms of torture, so how could they possibly feel any joy. Rav Schneider told them: “Hitler, may his name be erased, may perhaps take this world from us, but he cannot take away our afterlife. We will fulfill Hashem’s mitzvos with hidur (splendor), even if we should walk in the valley of death, even in our last moment inside a fiery furnace, we will still be happy to be Jews, and under no circumstances will we let the Nazi oppressor take away our simchas hachag”. He insisted that the yeshiva bachurim feel special joy at being part of Hashem’s treasured nation. He did not let them stand on the side, but rather brought them into the circle of dancers. In our times too, concludes Rav Sternbuch, with all the troubles that we are enduring, we will nevertheless feel boundless joy at being connected to and cleaving to Hashem: “Blessed is our G-d, Who has separated us from those who go astray”.
miTzta’er and hachnasas orchim
Rav Yaakov Yechiel Weinberg, the Seridei Eish, told Rav Sternbuch that one Sukkos he went to visit Rav Chaim Ozer Grodzhinsky. The latter did not go down to his Sukkah. Since it was cold, and due to his state of health, he had the status of a mitzta’er (someone who suffers) who is exempt from the Sukkah. However, Rav Weinberg himself did go down to the Sukkah, since he was well. Much to his surprise, Rav Chaim Ozer then went down to the Sukkah to eat with Rav Weinberg, and he asked Rav Chaim Ozer why he had changed his mind. The latter replied that a person suffering from the weather conditions outside is exempt from the mitzvah of Sukkah, but not from other mitzvos. Therefore, as long as his guest had not yet gone down to the Sukkah, he remained exempt from sitting in it, but as soon as he had gone down, he became obligated to fulfil the mitzvah of hachnasas orchim by being with him and making his stay pleasant. The cold conditions prevailing outside did not exempt him from this mitzvah.
It is said about the Chofetz Chaim that when he invited poor people from Radin to eat at his home on Friday night, he would delay singing Shalom Aleichem because the angels could wait, whereas his guests were hungry and it was forbidden to keep them waiting. He would make Kiddush, wash his hands, begin the meal, and only then invite the angels into his house by singing Shalom Aleichem. In the same vein, the Chofetz Chaim rules that on the first night of Sukkos one must wait a while for the rain to stop before making Kiddush and eating in the house. However, if there are guests, one should not wait at all, because each moment that the host does not feed his guests, he may be transgressing the prohibition of bal te’acher (the prohibition against delaying the performance of hachnasas orchim), and that overrides the obligation to wait for the rain to stop in order to make Kiddush in the Sukkah (see O.C., siman 639, Sha’ar HaTziyun, 67).
Nisuch Hamayim
Why was Nisuch HaMayim, which formed part of the Simchas Beis HaSho’eivah in the time of the Beis HaMikdash, performed with water? What is the special joy surrounding this mitzvah? Even water, which is seemingly the most basic component available in nature, having no distinctive taste, color, or smell, only exists by virtue of the word of Hashem. The special joy of Nisuch HaMayim is due to its message that there is no nature in the world, but only miracles. This realization leads one to fulfill the famous statement of the Ramban at the end of Parshas Bo: “The only purpose of creation is for man to thank G-d, Who created him”.
Ushpizin
The Zohar says that the Ushpizin only come if they are invited. Perhaps this is not referring to reciting the words “Ulu Ushpizin” (“Come, O guests”), but rather to preparing oneself to become worthy of hosting them by emulating the traits that characterize each guest: chesed in the case of Avraham, self-control and fortitude in the case of Yitzchak, and accepting the yoke of Torah in the case of Yaakov. By doing so, we demonstrate that we want to become completely close to Hashem and break all the barriers separating us from Him. Even if we do not fulfil this completely, not being on the level of the Ushpizin, by showing that we yearn to attain those levels, we can merit to host the Ushpizin in our Sukkah.


